Meta-analysis and report on skill shortages in EU countries  

This working paper provides a systematic review of research on labour and skill shortages and mismatches across the European Union, examining their causes, measurement and potential policy responses. Using an AI-assisted methodology combined with expert review, the researchers screened more than 8,400 academic records to assess the evidence on labour market imbalances.

The analysis distinguishes genuine skill shortages from recruitment difficulties caused by low wages, poor working conditions or inefficient hiring practices. It identifies demographic ageing, technological change, the green transition, educational mismatches and regional disparities as important drivers of labour market pressures.

The report also compares policy responses, including higher wages, international recruitment, domestic upskilling and automation. It finds no universally effective solution: migration can address immediate shortages, while training and technological investment contribute to longer-term resilience.

The authors emphasise the need for more precise measurement and coordinated, context-specific policies that combine these approaches to strengthen Europe’s workforce.